X Ray Appearances

X Ray Appearances

X Ray Appearances

Paediatrics

Snowman app	TAPVR ( Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return)
Cottage leaf app	TAPVR
Figure of 8 app	TAPVR
COEUR en Sabot(boot app)	Tetrology of Fallot
Box shape app	Tricuspid atresia
Jug handle app	Primary PAH
Egg on side app	TGV (Transposition of Great Vessels)
Egg in cup app	Constrictive Pericarditis

Neurosurgery
 

Calcification of cerebral cortex(Railroad Calcification)	Sturge Weber Syndrome
Diffuse Nodular calcification	Toxoplasmosis
Amorphous Supracelluler Calcification	Craniopharyngioma
Basal ganglia calcification	Hypoparathyroidism (Commonest)
Rice grain Calcification	Cysticerosis
Periventricular Calcification	CMV Infection
Sunray Calfication with spicules of brain	Meningioma
Bone thickening at site of brain tumour	Meningioma
Punched out Rarefication	Multiple myeloma, sarcoidosis, Gout
Peppr pot or Salt and pepper app	Hyperparathyroidism
Beaten silver app	Raised intracranial pressure
Post clenoid erosion	Raised intracranial pressure
Candle grease dripping or trouser leg appearance	Intramedullary tumours in myelography
Extramedullary Tumours of spinal cord  Meningioma  Neurofibroma	wavy upper border Crescentic border

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy

1. Isotopes: Elements with same Atomic number (Number of protons same, Number of Neutrons Vary) 
2. Most used materials for external irradiation- Cobalt 60 , Cesium 131 ( Gamma rays) 
3. Machine used for electron therapy- Betatron , Material used is Tungsten 
4. Substances used as permanent implant for radiation- 
   • Gold Grains 
   • Radon Seeds 
5. For permanent insertion into cavities 
   • Colloidal Gold 
   • Vitrium 
   • Phosphorus 52
6. Radio active phosphorus is useful in

Diagnosis of

• Eye Cancers 
• Oesophageal Cancer

Treatment of – 

• Polycythemia Vera 
• Multiple Myeloma 
• Secondaries in Bone 
• Ca Prostate after priming with androgen. 
• Malignant ascites 

Effect of Radiation on Tissues

Most Commonly affected	Skin
Most Senstive Mucosa	Intestinal Mucosa
Most Sensitive CNS part	Mid Brain, Medulla, Spinal Cord
Most sensitive cell in CNS	Neurone
Most Sensitive blood cells	Lymphocytes
Most resistant Blood cells	Platelets
Most sensitive organ in abdomen	Kidney

Radiology

Radiology

Radiology

Radio Isotope Scans

Scan	Isotope Used
Liver and Biliary function	Tc99, Tc glycoheptonate
Spleen, Marrow	Tc 99
Lung	Tc 99 macroaggregates
Lung ventilation	Xenon gas
Kidney	Tc 99, Tc Labelled derivatives
Brain, bone	Tc pertechnetate
Myocardial function	Tc albumin
Myocardial infarction	Tc pyrophosphate
Myocardial perfusion	Thalluim Chloride
Tumor or abscess	Gallium citrate
Pancreas scan	Selenomethiomine, Se 75
Thyroid malignancy	Selenium
Thyroid function	Iodine 131

 Radiation Emitted

Gamma rays	Cobalt, Caesium, Technetium.
Beta rays	Strontium, Gold, phosphorus

Dye used

Bronchography	Dianosil
Sialography	Neohydriol
Urethrography	Umbradil Viscous V
Angiography	Urograffin
I.V.P	Sodium diatrizoate
Intestinal obstruction	Gastrograffin
Ventriculography	Metrizamide and
And Myelography	Iopendylate (Myodil)
Cholecsystography	Idopamide, Meglumine Ioglyconate
Sodium Metrizoate	Splenoportography
Hysterosalpingography	50% Diodone with 6 % polyvinyl alcohol in water
Fetography	Ethiodol

Half Life

Iodine 132	2 to 3 hours
Technitium	6 hours
Iodine 123	13 hours
Gold	2.7 days
Thallium chloride	3.1 days
Gallium	3.2 days
Radon	3.8 days
Xenon gas	5.2 days
Iodine 131	8 days
Phosporous 32	14.3 days
Iridium	74.5 days
Tantalum	115 days
Cobalt 69	5 years
Strontium	28 years
Caesium	30 years
Ra	1622 years

Ultra Sonography

M- Mode	For moving parts eg, valves of heart etc.
A Scope	For cerebral lesions. Shift of mid- line structures
B Scope	For 2 dimensional view eg. Obstetrics and abdominal masses
Grey scales	Foe Contrast studies